Рано или поздно любой человек, который достиг уровня intermediate, сталкивается с одной из самых сложных грамматических тем – «». В чём заключается основная сложность? Дело в том, что оба времени являются перфектными, оба подчёркивают связь с настоящим моментом и очень важно именно «прочувствовать» ситуацию, чтобы сделать правильный выбор для конкретного предложения.
Отличие present perfect от present perfect continuous
Судя по названиям времён, главное отличие present perfect от present perfect continuous в том, что первое время больше сконцентрировано на результате, а второе на процессе. Рассмотрим несколько примеров.
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Present Perfect Continuous |
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1. Tom has written a novel. |
1. Tom has been writing a novel since early morning. |
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2. I have interviewed three people today. |
2. Why is your boss so irritated? – He has been interviewing the candidates for 5 hours but nobody is quite good for this position. |
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3. Where is your brother-in-law? – He has just left . |
3. Oh, here you are! I have been looking for you! |
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4. Have you ever been to Africa? |
4. How long have you been living here? |
Теперь пришло время разобрать наши предложения более подробно, чтобы запомнить раз и навсегда отличие present perfect от present perfect continuous .
1. Tom has written a novel. – Том написал роман.
О чём говорит данная фраза? Во-первых, мы не знаем точно, когда именно молодой человек написал роман. Нам известен только результат его действий – есть готовое произведение. Во-вторых, мы видим связь с настоящим моментом, и она не имеет ничего общего с процессом. Иными словами, некий Том написал когда-то (непонятно когда) роман и теперь может что-то о нём рассказать или даже показать готовое произведение. Здесь можно представить себе довольного писателя с готовой книгой под мышкой.
Tom has been writing a novel since early morning. – Том пишет роман с раннего утра.
Теперь представим другую ситуацию: вы знакомы с неким Томом, приходите к нему домой. Но вам открывает дверь не он, а, допустим, его супруга. Вас провожают в рабочий кабинет молодого человека, и во время этого действия звучит фраза (возможно, в качестве ответа на вопрос «как дела у старины Тома?») «Tom has been writing a novel since early morning». Чувствуете разницу? Мы здесь делимся уже не результатами каких-то действий, а указываем на то, что человек с какого-то определённого времени занят неким процессом. «А как же обычный present continuous?» - спросите вы. Данное время здесь не подойдёт по одной простой причине – у него нет функции указывать на то, что процесс длится с какого-то момента, включая точку «сейчас».
2. I have interviewed 3 people today. – Я сегодня провёл интервью с 3 людьми.
В данном случае говорящий снова делает упор на результат. Причем мы понимаем, что день еще незакончен и, возможно, через пару часов у него будет не три, а шесть интервью. Здесь прекрасно видна одна из весьма полезных функций present perfect – делиться результатами в текущий отрезок времени.
Why is your boss so irritated? – He has been interviewing the candidates for 5 hours but nobody is quite good for this position. – Почему твой босс такой раздраженный? – Он проводит интервью с кандидатами в течение 5-ти часов, но никто не является достаточно хорошим для этой должности.
Здесь однозначно идёт речь о процессе и об этом нам говорит FOR 5 HOURS. Если копнуть глубже, то получится, что босс начал вести беседы с кандидатами 5 часов назад и по-прежнему продолжает это делать. То есть снова мы имеем процесс, который начался некоторое время назад и длится в настоящий момент. Кроме этого, мы даже видим в данной ситуации явную связь с настоящим моментом – босс раздражен.
3. Where is your brother-in-law? – He has just left. – Где твой зять? – Он только что ушёл.
Посмотрим, имеется ли здесь какой-нибудь процесс. Конечно, его здесь нет. Перед нами типичное предложение, которое говорит о том, что некое действие свершилось буквально до момента речи. Здесь определённо имеется связь с настоящим, так как нам интересно, где некий brother-in-law прямо сейчас. Но эта связь никак не может быть выражена с помощью процесса. Налицо результат – человека нет в комнате, он ушёл куда-то буквально до того момента, как мы о нём спросили.
Oh, here you are! I have been looking for you! – О, вот ты где! Я тебя искал!
Вот если бы здесь было «я тебя нашёл!», мы бы применили present perfect, но в ситуации напрашивается процесс. Мы искали кого-то неопределённое количество времени буквально до того момента, как сказали «oh, here you are!» Снова имеем процесс, который начался в прошлом, но связан с настоящим.
Готовы к последней ситуации?
Have you ever been to Africa? – Ты когда-нибудь был в Африке?
Чем мы здесь интересуемся? Правильно! – Результатом. Нам совершенно неважно, когда и какое количество времени слушатель пробыл в Африке. Возможно, мы спросим его об этом немного позже, но, чтобы это сделать, нам для начала нужно определиться, какой имеется результат – он был в Африке или нет?
How long have you been living here? – Как долго ты здесь живёшь?
Стоит отметить (а еще лучше – запомнить), что present perfect continuous очень часто применяется с «how long…?» Конечно же, имеются в виду ситуации, когда человек по-прежнему связан с каким-то процессом. В данном предложении с помощью present perfect continuous мы подчёркиваем, что лицо по-прежнему живёт в каком-то конкретном месте и нам хочется узнать, как долго это происходит.
Present perfect continuous и since
Что еще нужно знать о present perfect continuous ? Мы рассматривали предложения с since , но здесь важно быть очень аккуратным, так как иногда данный указатель времени используется с простым present perfect. Это происходит по той причине, что существуют глаголы, которые невозможно использовать в продолжительных временах. Наверняка, вы уже их встречали, когда изучали present и past continuous. Вот примеры таких случаев в present perfect.
1. I haven’t seen you since my childhood. – Я не видел тебя с детства.
2. Anna has known this man since 1991. – Анна знакома с этим мужчиной с 1991-го года.
3. They haven’t been there since they left school. – Они не были там с тех пор, как закончили школу.
Вот мы и разобрали отличие present perfect от present perfect continuous . Если в процессе изучения статьи вы поняли, что неплохо было бы подтянуть еще и образование present perfect continuous , а, возможно, еще и present perfect – то советуем вам взять несколько уроков английского по скайпу. Записаться на пробное занятие можно по этой ссылке. Ждём вас!
Генри Форд - великий изобретатель и предприниматель, чей пример и сегодня вдохновляет нас и учит умению следовать своей цели. Мы хотим предложить вам немного вдохновения - 8 цитат Генри Форда на английском языке, которые будут мотивировать вас к учебе. Надеемся, вы возьмете пример с этого целеустремленного человека.
Многие люди боятся даже начинать учить язык, ведь их преследует страх неудачи. Им кажется, что ничего не получится, ведь в школе и университете почти все мы учили английский, но лишь немногие преуспели в этом деле. Негативный опыт из прошлого мешает нам смело сделать шаг и открыть для себя новое будущее: мы уверены, что ничего путного не получится. У Генри Форда есть замечательная мысль на эту тему.
If you think you can do a thing or think you can"t do a thing, you"re right.
Если ты уверен, что сможешь, - ты прав; если ты думаешь, что не сможешь, - тоже прав.
Все в ваших руках, в том числе и знания английского. Все-таки решились сделать шаг вперед? Тогда мы рады будем помочь вам с помощью нашего пошагового руководства « ».
Человечество веками пыталось отыскать заветный ключик к успеху в любом деле, и нам кажется, что Форду удалось его найти.
You can do anything if you have enthusiasm. Enthusiasm is the spark in your eye, the swing in your gait, the grip of your hand, the irresistible surge of your will and your energy to execute your ideas. Enthusiasts are fighters. Enthusiasm is at the bottom of all progress. With it there is accomplishment. Without it, there are only alibis.
При наличии энтузиазма вы можете достичь всего. Энтузиазм - это блеск ваших глаз, стремительность походки, крепость рукопожатия, непреодолимый прилив энергии и воли для претворения в жизнь ваших идей. Энтузиасты - это борцы. Энтузиазм - краеугольный камень всего прогресса! Только с ним возможен успех. Без него у вас есть только возможности.
Мы согласны с великим изобретателем на 100%: энтузиазм и вдохновение - это движущие силы вашего прогресса. Учеба редко бывает легкой и быстрой, иногда у нас опускаются руки и кажется, что ничего не получится. В такие моменты важно получить порцию мотивации от людей, которым уже удалось достичь успеха на выбранном вами поприще. Такой порцией вдохновения мы поделились с нашими читателями в статье « ». Почитайте статью и заразитесь энтузиазмом!
В каждой нашей статье мы не устаем напоминать своим читателям: совершать ошибки - это нормально. Перфекционизм - похвальная черта, но она будет только мешать изучению языка. Дело в том, что на любом уровне знаний вы будете находить для себя что-то новенькое, с удивлением обнаруживать исключения из правил и т. д. Но даже если вы совершаете серьезные ошибки и вам кажется, что английский - это не ваше, помните, вам это только кажется:-) Пусть вас вдохновит цитата Форда о неудачах:
Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently.
Неудача - это просто возможность начать снова, но уже более мудро.
Думаем, наш посыл понятен: не получилось осилить Present Perfect с первого раза, попробуйте повторить тему еще раз, поищите более понятный для себя учебник, например, нашу « ». Не получилось и так? Тогда ищите «своего» учителя, который будет пояснять все понятным вам языком и станет вашим «навигатором» в мире английского. Может быть, среди найдется и ваш идеальный учитель? Обязательно проверьте:-) И помните: путь к успеху часто тернист и нелегок. Вот что на эту тему сказал Генри Форд:
When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off against the wind, not with it.
Когда кажется, что весь мир настроен против тебя, - помни, что самолет взлетает против ветра.
А вы знали, что менее 17% людей в нашей стране владеют английским на среднем уровне? И это в век Интернета, когда нам доступны сотни тысяч бесплатных обучающих материалов, изучение языка по Скайпу, кино и литература в оригинале и т. д. Удивительно, не правда ли? Это легко объяснить, если хорошенько вдуматься в следующую цитату Форда:
Most people spend more time and energy going around problems than in trying to solve them.
Большинство людей тратит больше времени и энергии на уход от проблем, а не на их решение.
Как же преодолеть все трудности и продолжить учить язык? Советуем вам... есть слона по кусочкам, то есть разделить глобальную цель (выучить английский) на мелкие задачи: перестать путать Past Simple и Present Perfect, разобраться в условных предложениях, достичь уровня Intermediate, прочитать «Гарри Поттера» на английском и т. д. Хотим заметить, что сам Генри Форд одобряет такой подход.
Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs.
Нет ничего особенно трудного, если вы разделите это на мелкие работы.
Теперь вы понимаете, как «объять необъятное»: нужно просто разделить его на небольшие этапы и двигаться к цели. И даже если не все получается легко и гладко, не переживайте: опыт - штука незаменимая. Генри Форд абсолютно согласен с нами в этом вопросе:
Greatest thing in life is experience. Even mistakes have value.
Величайшая вещь в жизни - опыт. Даже ошибки имеют ценность.
А подвести итог этой мотивирующей статье мы хотели бы с помощью воодушевляющей цитаты, которую подарил нам великий предприниматель. Он прошел через много испытаний, трудностей, неудач, поэтому знает, о чем говорит.
One of the greatest discoveries a man makes, one of his great surprises, is to find he can do what he was afraid he couldn"t do.
Одно из самых великих открытий, которые делает человек, один из самых больших сюрпризов для него - обнаружить, что он в состоянии совершить то, о чем со страхом думал, как о превосходящем его силы.
Желаем вам испытать подобное окрыляющее чувство, когда вы понимаете, что можете сделать то, о чем раньше не осмеливались даже мечтать. Успехов в изучении английского!
King Henry VIII (1491-1547) ruled England for 36 years, presiding over sweeping changes that brought his nation into the Protestant Reformation. He famously married a series of six wives in his search for political alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir. His desire to annul his first marriage without papal approval led to the creation of a separate Church of England. Of his marriages, two ended in annulment, two in natural deaths and two with his wives’ beheadings for adultery and treason. His children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I would each take their turn as England’s monarch.
Henry VIII: Early Life
Henry was born January 28, 1491, the second son of Henry VII, the first English ruler from the House of Tudor. While his older brother Arthur was being prepared for the throne, Henry was steered toward a church career, with a broad education in theology, music, languages, poetry and sports.
Did you know? An accomplished musician, Henry VIII of England wrote a song entitled "Pastime With Good Company" that was popular throughout Renaissance Europe.
Arthur had been betrothed since age 2 to Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella, and in November of 1501 the teenage couple were married. Months later, Arthur died of a sudden illness. Henry became next in line for the throne and in 1503 was betrothed to his brother’s widow.
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Henry VIII: First Years as King
Henry VIII took the throne at age 17 and married Catherine of Aragon six weeks later. Over the next 15 years, while Henry fought three wars with France, Catherine bore him three sons and three daughters, all but one of whom died in infancy. The sole survivor was Mary (later Mary I), born in 1516.
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Henry was an active king in those years, keeping a festive court, hunting, jousting, writing and playing music. He issued a book-length attack on Martin Luther’s church reforms that earned him the title “Defender of the Faith” from Pope Leo X. But the lack of a male heir—especially after he fathered a healthy illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, in 1519—gnawed at the king.
Henry VIII: Dissolving a Marriage, Splitting the Church
By the 1520s, Henry had become infatuated with Anne Boleyn, a young woman in his wife’s entourage. He also worried that his marriage to Catherine had been cursed by God because of the Old Testament ban on marrying the widow of one’s brother. The king decided to seek a papal annulment that would free him to remarry.
With the assistance of his powerful adviser Cardinal Wolsey, Henry petitioned Pope Clement VII but was rebuffed due to pressure from Catherine’s nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Wolsey was forced from power for his failure and died in 1630 awaiting trial for treason.
With the backing of the English parliament and clergy, Henry ultimately decided that he didn’t need the pope’s permission to rule on issues affecting the Church of England . In 1533 Henry and Anne Boleyn were married, and their daughter Elizabeth was born. Mary was declared illegitimate and Elizabeth named his heir. England’s monasteries were closed and in most cases sold off to add to Henry’s wealth.
Henry VIII: More Marriages and Deaths
In January of 1536 Henry was unhorsed and injured during a jousting tournament. When news of his accident reached the pregnant Anne, she miscarried, delivering a stillborn son. Henry then spurned her, turning his affections to another woman of his court, Jane Seymour. Within six months he had executed Anne for treason and incest and married Jane, who quickly gave him a son (the future Edward IV) but died two weeks later.
Henry’s fourth marriage bore similarities to his first. Anne of Cleves was a political bride, chosen to cement an alliance with her brother, the ruler of a Protestant duchy in Germany. The marriage only lasted a few days before Henry had it annulled. He then married Catherine Howard, but two years later she too was beheaded for treason and adultery.
In the last years of his reign Henry grew moody, obese and suspicious, hobbled by personal intrigues and by the persistent leg wound from his jousting injury. His final marriage, to the widow Catherine Parr in 1543, saw his reconciliation with Mary and Elizabeth, who were restored to the line of succession.
Henry VIII: Death and Legacy
Henry VIII died on his 56th birthday, January 28, 1547. His 9-year-old son Edward VI succeeded him as king but died six years later. Mary I spent her five-year reign steering England back into the Catholic fold, but Elizabeth I , the longest-reigning of the Tudor monarchs, re-entrenched her father’s religious reforms.
England Under Henry VIII
Henry VIII Tudor (1491-1547) was the second son of Henry VII. His brother Arthur, being only 15, married to Catherine, the daugter of the Spanish monarch. But in a very few month he sickened and died. Henty VII arranged that the young widow should marry his second son Henry, then 12 years of age, when he too should be 15. A few years after settling this marriage, in 1509, the King died of the gout.
King Henry the Eighth was just eighteen years of age when he came to the throne. People said he was a hand some boy, but in later life he did not seem handsome at all. He was a big, burly, noisy, small-eyed, large-faced, double-chinned fellow, as we know from the portraits of him, painted by the famous Hans Holbein*. The king was anxious to make himself popular, and the people, who had long dis- liked the late king, believed to believe that he deserved to be so.
He was extremely fond of show and display, and so were they. There-fore there was great rejoicing when he married the Princess Catherine, and when they were both crowned. And the King fought at tournaments and always came off victorious - for the courtiers took care of that - and there was a general outcry that he was a wonderful man.
The prime favourites of the late King, who were engaged in money-raising matters, Empson, Dudley, and their supporters, were accused of a variety of crimes they really had been guilty; and they were pilloried, and then beheaded, to the satisfaction of the people, and the enrichment of the King. The Pope, so indefatigable in getting the world into trouble, had mixed himself up in a war on a continent of Europe, occasioned by the reigning Princes of little quarrelling states in Italy having at various times married into other royal families, and so led to their claiming a share in those petty Governments. The King, who discovered that he was very fond of the Pope, sent a herald to the King of France, to say he must not make war upon the father of all Christians. As the French King did not mind this relationship in the least, and also refused to admit a claim King Henry made to certain lands in France, war was declared between the two countries.
England made a blundering alliance with Spain, and got stupidly taken in by that country, which made its own terms with France when it could, and left England in the lurch. Sir Edward Howard, a bold admiral, son of the Earl of Surrey, distinguished himself by his bravery against the French in this business; but, unfortunately, he was more brave than wise, for, skimming into the French harbour of Brest with only a few row-boats, he attempted to take some strong French ships, well defended with cannons.
The upshot was, that he was left on board of one of them with not more than about a dozen man, and was thrown into the sea and drowned.
After this great defeat the King took it into his head to invade France in person, first executing that dangerous Earl of Suffolk whom his father had left in the Tower, and appointing Queen Catherine to charge of his king-dom in his absence. He sailed to Calais, where he was joined by Maximi-lian, Emperor of Germany, who pretended to be his soldier, and who took pay in his service. The King might be successful enough in sham fights, but his idea of real battles chiefly consisted in pitching silken tents of bright colours that were ignominiously blown down by the wind, and in making a vast display of a gaudy flags and golden curtains. Fortune, however, flavoured him better than he deserved: he gave the French battle, and they took such an anaccountable panic, and fled with such swiftness, that it was ever afterwards called by the English the Battle of Spurs**. Instead of following up his advantage, the King, finding that he had had enough of real fighting, came home again.
The Scottish King, though nearly related to Henry by marriage, had taken part against him in this war. The Earl of Surrey, as the English general, advanced to meet him when he came out of his own dominions and crossed the river Tweed. The two armies came up with one another when the Scottish King had also crossed the river Till, and was encamped upon the Hill of Flodden. Along the plain below it, the English, when the hour of battle came, advanced. The Scottish army, which had been drawn up in five great bodies, then came steadily down in perfect silence. So they, in their turn, advanced to meet the English army, which came on the one long line; and they attacked it with a body of spearman, under Lord Home.
At first they had the best of it; but the English fought with such valour, that, when the Scottish King had almost made his way up to the Royal standart, he was slain, and the whole Scottish power routed. Ten thousand Scottish men lay dead that day on Flodden Field. For a long time after-wards, the Scottish peasantry used to believe that their king had not been
really killed in this battle, because no Englishman had found an iron belt he wore about his body as a penance for having been an undutiful son. But, whatever became of his belt, the English had his sword and dagger, and the ring from his finger, and his body was recognized by English gent-lemen who had known the Scottish King well.
When King Henry was making ready to renew the war in France, the French King was contemplating peace. His Queen, dying at this time, he proposed, though he was upwards of fifty years old, to marry King Henry"s sister, Princess Mary, who, becides, being only sixteen, was betrothed to the Duke of Suffolk. As the inclinations of young Princesses were not too much considered in such matters, the marriage was conclu-ded, and the poor girl was escorted to France, where she was immidiately left as the French King"s bride, with only one of her English attendants. That one was a pretty young girl named Anna Boleyn, niece of the Earl of Surrey, who had been made Duke of Norfolk after the victory of Flodden Field.
The French King died within three month, and left the young Queen a young widow. The new French monarch, Francis I, seeing how important it was to his interests that she should take for her second husband no one but an Englishman, adviced her first lover, the Duke of Suffolk, when King Henry sent him over to France to fetch her home, to marry her.
The Princess being herself so fond of that Duke, as to tell him that he must either do so then, or lose her forever, they were wedded; and Henry afterwards forgave them. In making interest with King, the Duke of Suffolk had addressed his most powerful favourite and adviser, Thomas Wol-sey*** - a name very famous in history for its rise and downfall.
Wolsey was the son of a respectable butcher at Ipswich, in Suffolk, and recieved so exellent education that he became a tutor to the family of Marqius of Dorset, who afterwards got him appointed one of the late King"s chaplains. On the accession of Henry VIII, he was promoted and taken into great favour with the King - whether he were a foreign monarch or an English nobleman - was obliged to make a friend of the great Cardinal Wolsey.
He was a gay man, who could dance and jest, and sing and drink. He was wonderfully fond of pomp and glitter, and so was the King. He knew a good deal of the Church learning of that time, much of which consisted of finding artful excuses and pretences for almost any wrong thing, and in arguing that black was white, or any other colour. This kind of learning pleased the King too. For many such reasons, the Cardinal was high in estimation with the King, and, being a man of greater ability, knew how to manage him. Never had there been seen in England such state as that Lord Cardinal kept. His wealth was equal, it was reckoned, to the riches of the Crown. His palaces were as splendid as the King"s, and his retinue was eight hundred strong. He held his Court, dressed out from top to toe in flaming scarlet; and his very shoes were golden, set with precious stones.
His followers tode on blood-horses, while he, with wonderful affectation of humility in the midst of his great splendour, ambled on a mule.
Though the influence of his stately priest, a grand meeting was arranged to take place between the French and English Kings in France, but on ground belonging to England. A prodigious show of friendship was to be made on the occation, and heralds were sent to proclaim with brazen trumplets through all the principal cities of Europe, that, on a certain day, the Kings of France and England, as companions and brothers in arms, each attended by 18 followers, would hold a tournament against all knights who might choose to come.
Charles, a new Emperor of Germany (the old one being dead), wanted to prevent that aliance between the two sovereigns, and came over to England and secured Wolsey"s interest by promising that his influence should make him Pope when the next vacancy occured. On the day when the Emperor left England, the King and the Court went over to Calais, and thence to the place of meeting, commonly called the Field of the Cloth of Gold.
There were sham castles, temporary chapels, fountains running wine, great cellars full of wine free as water to all comers, silk tents, gold lace and gilt lions, and such things without end. And, in the midst of all, the rich Cardinal outshone and outglittered all the noblemen and gentlemen assembled. After a treaty had been made between the two Kings with as much solemnity as if they had intended to keep it, the lists - 900 feet long, and 320 broad - were opened for the tournament. Then, for ten days, the two sovereigns fought five combats every day, and always beat their polite adversaries.
Of course, nothing came of all these fine doings but a speedy renewal of the war between England and France, in which the two Royal com-panions longed very earnestly to damage one another. But, before it broke out again, the Duke of Buckingham was shamefully executed on Tower Hill, on the evidence of a discharged servant - really for nothing, except the folly of having believed in a friar of the name of Hopkins, who had pretended to be a prophet, and who had mumbled and jumbled out some nonsense about the Duke"s son being destined to be very great in the land. It was believed that the unfortunate Duke had given offence to the great Cardinal by expressing his mind freely about the expense and absurdity of the whole business of the Field of the Cloth of Gold.
The new war was a short one, though the Earl of Surrey invaded France again, and did some injury to that country. It ended in another treaty of peace between the two kingdoms, and the discovery that the Emperor of Germany was not such a good friend to England in reality, as he pretend-ed to be. Neither did he keep his promise to Wolsey to make him Pope, though the King urged him. So the Cardinal and King together found out that the Emperor of Germany was not a man to keep faith with. They broke off a projected marriage between the King"s daughter Mary, Prin-cess of Wales, and that sovereign, and began to consider whether it might not be well to marry the young lady, either to Francis himself, or to his eldest son.
There now arose at Wittemberg****, in Germany, the great leader of the mighty change in England which is called The Reformation*****, and which set the people free from their slavery to the priests. This was a learned Doctor, named Martin Luther******, who knew all about them, for he had been a priest, and even a monk, himself. The preaching and writing of Wickliffe******* had set a number of men thinking on this subject, and Luther, finding one day to his great surprise, that there really was a book called the New Testament which the priests did not allow to be read, and which contained truths that they suppressed, began to be very vigorous agains the whole body, from the Pope downward. It happened, while he was yet only beginning his work or awakening the nation, that a friar named Tetzel came into his neighbourhood selling what were called Indulgences, by wholesale, to raise money for beautifying the St. Peter"s Cathidral at Rome. Those who bought an Indulgence of the Pope were supposed to buy themselves from the punishment of Heaven for their offences. Luther told the people that Indulgences were worthless bits of paper.
The King and the Cardinal were mightly indignant at this presumption; and the King (with the help of Sir Thomas More********, a wise man, whom the afterwards repaid by striking off his head) even wrote a book about it, with which the Pope was so well pleased that he gave the King the title of Defender of the Faith. The King and Cardinal also issued flaming warnings to the people not to read Luther"s books, on pain of excommunication. But they did read them for all that; and the rumour of what was in them spread far and wide.
When this great change was thus going on, the King began to show himself in his truest and worst colours. Anne Boleyn, the pretty little girl who had gone abroad to France with her sister, was by this time grown up to be very beautiful, and was one of the ladies in attendance on Queen Catherine. Queen Catherine was no longer young or pretty, and it is likely that she was not particularly good-tempered, having been always rather melan-choly, and having been made more so by deaths of four of her children when they were very young. So, the King fell in love with the fair Anne Boleyn. He wanted to get rid of his wife and marry Anne.
Queen Catherine had been the wife of Henry"s brother Arthur. So the King called his favourite priests about him, and said that he thought that it had not been lawful for him to marry the Queen. They answered that it was a serious business, and perhaps the best way to make it right, would be for His Majesty to be devorced. That was the answer the King was pleased with; so they all went to work. Many intrigues and plots took place to get this devorce. Finally, the Pope issued a commission to Cardinal Wolsey and Cardinal Campeggio (whom he sent over from Italy for the purpose), to try the whole case in England. It is supposed that Wolsey was the Queen"s enemy, because she had reproved him for his manner of life. But, he did not at first know that the King wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, and when he did know it, he even went down on his knees, in the endeavour to dissuade him.
The Cardinals opened their court in the Convent of the Black friars, in London. On the opening of the court, when the King and Queen were called on to appear, that poor lady kneeled at the King"s feet, and said that she had come, a stranger, to his dominions, that she had been a good and true wife for him for 20 years, and that she could acknowledge no power in those Cardinals to try whether she should be considered his wife after all that time, or should be put away. With that, she got up and left the court, and would never afterwards come back to it.
It was a difficult case to try and the Pope suggested the King and Queen to come to Rome and have it tried there. But by the good luck for the King , word was brought to him about Thomas Cranmer, a learned Doctor of Cambridge, who had prospered to urge the Pope on, by referring the case to all the learned doctors and bishops, and getting their opinions that the King"s marriage was unlawful. The King, who was now in a hurry to marry Anne Boleyn, thought this such a good idea, that sent for Cranmer.
It was bad for cardinal Wolsey that he had left Cranmer to render this help. It was worse for him that he had tried to dissuade the King from marrying Anne Boleyn. Such a servant as he, to such a master as Henry, would probably have fallen in any case; but he fell suddenly and heavily. Soon he was arrested for high treason, and died on his way to Tower. Sir Thomas More was made Chancellor in Wolsey"s place.
Meanwhile, the opinions concerning the divorce, of the learned doctors and bishops and others, being at last collected, were forwarded to the Pope, with an entreaty that he would now grant it. The unfortunate Pope, who was a timid man, was half distracted between his fear of his authority being set aside in England if he did not do as he was asked, and his dread of offending the Emperor of Germany, who was Queen Catherine"s neph-ew. In this state of mind he still evaded and did nothing. So, the King took the matter into his own hands, and made himself a head of whole Church. However, he recompenced the clergy by allowing Luther"s opinions. All these events made Sir Thomas More, who was truly attached to the Church, resign. Being now quite resolved to get rid of Queen Catherine, and marry Anne Boleyn without more ado, the King made Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, and directed Queen Catherine to leave the Court. She obeyed. but replied that wherever she went, she was Queen of England still, and would remain so, to the last. The King then married Anne Boleyn priva-tely, and the new Archbishop of Cantebury, within half a year, declared his marriage with Queen Catherine void, and crowned Anne Boleyn Queen. She might have known that no good could ever come with such wrong, and that the King who had been so faithless and so cruel to his first wife, could be more faithless and more cruel to the second. But Anne Boleyn knew that too late, and bought it at dear price. Her marriage came to its natural end. However, its natural end was not a natural death for her. The Pope was thrown into a very angry state of mind when he heard of the King"s marriage. Many of English monks and friars did the same, but the King took it quietly, and was very glad when his Queen gave birth to a daughter, who was christened Elizabeth, and declared Princess of Wales as her sister Mary had already been. One of the most atrocious features of the reign was that Henry VIII was always trimming between the reformed religion with the Pope, the more of his own subjects he roasted alive for not holding the Pope"s opinions. Thus, an unfortunate student named John Frith, and a poor simple tailor named Andrew Hewet who loved him very much, and said that whatever John Frith believed he believed, were burnt in Smithfield - to show what a capital Christian the King was. But these were speedily followed by two much greater victims, Sir Thomas More, and John Fisher , the Bishop of Rochester. The latter, who was a good and amiable old man, had committed no greater offence then believing in Elizabeth Barton, called the Maid of Kent - another of those ridiculous women who pretended to be inspired, and to make all sorts of heavenly revelations, though they indeed uttered nothing but evil nonsen-se. For this offence - as it was pretended, but really for denying the king to be the supreme Head of the Church - he got into trouble, and was put in prison. Even then he might have died naturally, but the Pope, to spite the King, resolved to make him a cardinal. So the King decided that Fisher should have no head on which to wear a red Cardinal"s hat. He was tried with all unfairnence and injustice, and sentenced to death. He died like a noble and virtuous old man, and left a worthy name behind him.
The King supposed that Sir Thomas More would be frightened by this example. But, as he was not to be easily terrified, and, thoroughly believed in the Pope, had made up his mind that the King was not rightful Head of the Church, he positively refused to say that he was. For this cri-me he too was tried and sentenced, after having been in prison a whole year.
When he was doomed to death, and came away from his trial with the edge of executioner"s axe turned towards him - as was always done in those times when a state prisoner came to that hopeless pass - he bore it quite serenely, and gave his blessing to his son, who pressed through the crowd in Westminster Hall and kneeled down to recieve it.
But, when he got to the Tower Wharf on his way back to his prison, and his favourite daughter, Margaret Roper, a very good woman, rushed through the guards to kiss him and to weep upon his neck, he has over-come at last. He soon recovered and never more showed any feeling but courage. When he had laid his head upon the block, he asked jokingly the executioner to let him put his beard out of the way because for that thing, at least, had never committed any treason. Then his head was strucked off at a blow.
These two executions were worthy of King Henry VIII. Sir Thomas More was one of the most virtuous men in his dominions, and the Bishop was one of his eldest and truest friends.
When the news of these two murders got to Rome, the Pope was enra-ged and prepared a Bull, ordering his subjects to take arms against the King of England and dethrone him. The King took all possible precautions to keep that document out of his dominions, and set to work in return to suppress a great number of English monasteries and abbeys.
This destruction was begun by a body of commissioners, of whom Tho-mas Cromwell was the head. It was carried on through to some few years to its entire completion. There is no doubt that many of these religious es-tablishments imposed upon the people in every possible way; that they had images moved by wires, which they pretended were miraculously mo-ved by Heaven; that they had bits of coal which they said had fried Saint Lawrense, and bits of toe-nails which they said belonged to other famous saints, etc.; and that all these bits of rubbish were called Relics, and adored by the ignorant people. But, on the other hand, there is no doubt either, that the King"s men punished the good monks with the bad; did great injustice; demolished many beautiful things and many valuable libra-ries; destroyed numbers of paintings, stained glass windows, fine pave-ments, and carvings; and that the whole court were ravenously greedy and rapacious for the division of this great spoil among them. The King seems to have grown almost mad in the ardour of this pursuit, for he declared Thomas a Becket a traitor, though he had been dead for many years, and had his body dug up out of his grave. The gold and jewels on his shrine filled two great chests, and 8 men were needed to carry them away.
These things caused great discontent among the people. The monks who were driven out of their homes and wandered about encouraged their discontent, and there were, consequently, great risings in Licincolnshire and Yorkshire. These were put down by terrific executions, from which the monks themselves did not escape.
The unfortunate Queen Catherine was by this time dead, and the King was by this time as tired of his second Queen as he had been of his first. As he had fallen in love with Anne when she was in the service of Catherine, so he now fell in love with another lady in the service of Anne. The King resolved to have Anne Boleyn"s head to marry Lady Jane Seymour. So, he brought a number of charges against Anne, accusing her of dreadful crimes which she had never committed, and implicating in them her own brother and certain gentlemen in her service. As the lords and councillors were afraid of the King, they brought in Anne Boleyn guilty, and the other unfortunate persons accused with her, guilty too.
They were all sentenced to death. Anne Boleyn tried to soften her hus-band by touching letters, but as he wanted her to be executed, she was soon beheaded.
There is a story that the King sat in his palace listening very anxiously for the sound of the cannon which was to announce this new murder; and that, when he heard it, he rose up in great spirits and ordered out his dogs to go a-hunting. He married Jane Seymour the very next day.
Jane Seymour lived just long enough to give birth to a son who was christened Edward, and then to die of a fever.
Cranmer had done what he could to save some of the Church property for purposes of religion and education. But the great families had been so hungry to get hold of it, that very little could be rescued for such objects. Even Miles Coverdale, who did the people the inestimable service of translating the Bible into English (which the unreformed religion never permitted to be done), was left in poverty while the great families clutched the Church lands and money. The people had been told that when the Crown came into possession of these funds, it would not be necessary to tax them. But they were taxed afresh directly afterwards.
One of the most active writers on a Church"s side against the King was a member of his own family - a sort of distant cousin, Reginald Pole by name - who attacked him in the most violent manner (though he recieved a pension from him all the time), and fought for the Church for his pen, day and night. He was beyong the King"s reach, in Italy.
The Pope made Reginald Pole a cardinal; but, so much against his will, that it is thought he had hopes of marrying the Princess Mary. His being made a high priest, however, put an end to that. His mother, the Countess of Salisbury - who was unfortunately for herself, within the tyrant"s reach -was the last of his relatives on whom his wrath fell. When she was told to lay her grey head upon the block, she answered the executioner that her head had never committed treason, and if he wanted her head, he should seize that. So, she ran round and round the scaffold with the executioner striking at her, and her grey hair bedabbled with blood. And even when they held her down upon the block she moved her head about to the last, resolved to be no party to her own barbarous murder. All this the people bore, as they had borne everything else.
Indeed they bore much more; for the slow fires of Smithfield were continually burning, and people were constantly being roasted to death - still to show what a good Christian the King was. He defied the Pope and his Bull, which was now issued, and had come into England; but he bur-ned innumerable people whose only offence was that they differed from the Pope"s religios opinions.
All this the people bore, and more than all this yet. The national spirit seems to have been banished from the kingdom from this time. The people who were executed for treason, the wives and friends of the "bluff" King, spoke of him on the scafford as a good and gentle man.
The Parliament were as bad as the rest, and gave the King whatever he wanted. They gave him new powers of murdering, at his will and pleasure, anyone whom he might choose to call a traitor. But the worst measure they passed was an Act of Six Articles*********, commonly called at the time "the whip with six strings", which punished offences against the Pope"s opinions, without mercy, and enforced the very worst parts of the monkish religion.
Cranmer would have modified it, if he could; but he had not the power, being overborne by the Romish party. As one of the articles declared that priests should not marry, and as he was married himself, he sent his wife and children into Germany, and began to tremble at his danger. This whip of six strings was made under the King"s own eye. It should never be for-gotten of him how cruelly he supported the Popish doctrines when there was nothing to be got by opposing them.
This monarch now thought of taking another wife. He proposed to the French King to have some of the ladies of the French Court exhibited be-fore him, that he might make his Royal choice. But the French King ans-wered that he would rather not have his ladies to be shown like horses at a fair. He proposed to the Dowager Duchess of Milan, who replied that she might have thought of such a match if she had had two heads. At last Cromwell represented that there was a Protestant Princess in Germany - those who had the reformed religion were call Protestants, because their leaders had protested against the abuses and impositions of the unreform-ed Church - named Anne of Cleves, who was beautiful, and would answer the purpose admirably.
The King sent over the famous painter, Hans Holbein, to take her a portrait. Hans made her out to be so good-looking that the King was satis-fied, and the marriage was arranged. But Hans had flattered the Princess. When the King first saw her, he swore she was "a great Flanders mare", and said he would never marry her. Being obliged to do it, he would not give her the presents he had prepared, and would never notice her. He never forgave Cromwell his part in the affair. His downfall dates from that time.
It was quickened by his enemies, in the interests of the unreformed religion, putting in the King"s way, at a state dinner, a niece of the Duke of Norfolk, Catherine Howard. Falling in love with her on the spot, the King soon divorced Anne of Cleves on pretence that she had been previously betrothered to someone else, and married Catherine. It is probable that on his wedding day he sent his faithful Cromwell to the scaffold, and had his head struck off.
It soon came out that Catherine Howard was not a faithful wife, and again the dreadful axe made the King a widower. Henry then applied him-self to superintending the composition of a religious book called "A ne-cessary doctrine for any Christian Man".
He married yet once more. Yes, strange to say, he found in England another woman who would become his wife, and she was Catherine Parr, widow of Lord Latimer. She leaned towards the reformed religion, and it is some comfort to know, that she argued a variety of doctrinal points with him on all possible occasions. After one of these conversations the King in a very black mood actully instructed Gardier, one of his Bishops who favoured the Popish opinions, to draw a bill of accusation against her to the scaffold. But one of the Queen"s friends knew about it, and gave her timely notice. She fell ill with terror, but managed the King so well when he came to entrap her into further statements - by saying that she had only spoken on such points to divert his mind and to get some points of infor-mation from his extraordinary wisdom - that he gave her a kiss and called her a sweatheart. And, when the Chancellor came next day to take her to the Tower, the King honoured him with the epithets of a beast, a knave, and a fool. So near was Catherine Parr to the block, and so narrow was her escape!
A few more horrors, and this reign was over. There was a lady, Anne Askew, in Lincolnshire, who inclined to the Protestant opinions, and whose husband being a fierce Catholic, turned her out of his house. She came to London, and was considered as offending against the six articles, and was taken to the Tower, and put upon the rack - probably because it was hoped that she might, in her agony, criminate some obnoxious per-sons. She was tortured in a most cruel manner without uttering a cry, but afterwards they had to carry her to the fire in a chair. She was burned with three others, a gentleman, a clergyman, and a tailor; and so the world went on.
Either the King became afraid of the power of Duke of Norfolk, and his son the Earl of Surrey, or they gave him some offence, but he resolved to pull them down, to follow all the rest who were gone. The son was tried first - of course for nothing - and defended himself bravely; but all the same he was found guilty, and was executed. Then his father"s turn came. But the King himself was left for death by a Greater King, and the Earth was to be rid of him at last. When he was found to be dying, Cranmer was sent for, and came with all speed, but found him speechless. In that hour he perished. He was in the fifty-sixth year of his age, and the thirty-eighth of his reign.
Henry the Eighth, a bloody tyrant, has been favoured by some Protest-ant writers, because the Reformation was achieved in his time. But the mighty merit of his lies with other men and not with him.
What else can I say about Henry VIII?
He was more a beast than a man.
He executed hundreds of people.
Though he was wise enough to rule a country.
His reign was bloody and he did not do a lot for his country.
His six marriages caused the country to finish
all treaties with the Roman Church.
And the King"s bloody deeds ashamed the mighty England.
For Charles Dickens he was the most
untolerable man, a shame for humanity.
Notes.
Hans Holbein (1497-1543)* - the German painter. Known as Hans Holbein Jr.
the Battle of Spurs** was held on the 16th of August, 1513 a.d. During it the French cavalry fled because of the advancing armies of Henry VIII and Maximilian I.
Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530)***, Chancellor of England since 1515 till 1529. Since 1514 - the Archbishop of York, since 1515 - the Cardinal. In 1529 he was arrested for treason.
Wittemberg**** - the Saxon city where in 1517 Luther read his 95 thesises against the Catholic Church.
the Reformation***** - the movement against the Ca-tholic Church in Western and Central Europe. It"s crea-tor was Luther.
Martin Luther (1483-1546)****** - the leader of the Re-formation. He also translated the Bible into German.
John Wickliffe (1330-1384)******* - the English refor-mator. He said that the Pope was not necessary and wan-ted the Church to abandon its lands.
Thomas More (1487 - 1535)******** - the great lawer and political leader, was against the Reformation. Being a writer, he created "Utopia". Anne Boleyn, the second wife of the King, knowing that More had helped the King to dismiss Catherine of Aragon, caused Henry to execute this clever and honest Chancellor of England.
Act of Six Articles*********. Was written in 1539. It abolished the monasteries and showed that England was interested in religion and that damage inflicted to the Church was a crime. So, many Protestants were executed.
List of the Used Literature.
1. J. J. Bell. The History of England.
2. L. V. Sidorchenko. Absolute Monarchy.
3. I. I. Burova. Just for Pleasure. Intermediate Level.
4. D. Capewell. The History of English Monarchy.
King Henry VIII, Tudor monarch, ruler of England in sixteenth-century, had six wives. The fates of the wives can be remembered as "Divorced, beheaded, divorced, beheaded, survived." From first three marriages he had 10 children from whom has survived only three - Maria from first marriage, Elizabeth from the second and Edward from the third. All of them subsequently reigned. Henry"s last three marriages were childless.
Король Генрих VIII, Тюдор, правивший Англией в шестнадцатом веке, имел шесть жен. Судьбы его жен можно описать как: "Разведена, казнена, разведена, казнена, пережила". От первых трех браков он имел 10 детей, от которых выжил только три - Мария от первого брака, Элизабет от второго и Эдварда от третьего. Все они впоследствии царствовали. Последние три брака Генриха были бездетными.
Henry VIII"s first wife - Queen Catharine of Aragon. She has been married to Arthur, senior brother Henry VIII before his death. Henry VIII married Ekaterina right after introductions on a throne in 1509. The First years of marriage were to all appearances happy, but all children of young spouses were born dead, or died in infancy. The unique survived child was Maria (1516-1558), who was to become Queen Mary I, also known as Bloody Mary, for the number of Protestant executions in her reign.
Nearby 1525 matrimonial attitudes have actually stopped, but Henry, wished to have sons. So Henry asked the Pope to allow him to divorce Catharine. A formal occasion for divorce case became Ekaterina"s previous marriage with brother Henry. The process which has stretched on years complicated by intervention of emperor Charles V (nephew Ekaterina) and by a position of Pope Kliment VII, had no results. As a result, on demand of Henry parliament in 1532 has made a decision, forbidden any appeals to Rome. In January, 1533 new archbishop Kenterberijsky Thomas Kranmer has declared cancellation of marriage of Henry and Ekaterina. After that Ekaterina in official documents named a widow princess Welsh, that is Widow Arthur. Having refused to recognize cancellation of the marriage, Ekaterina has doomed itself to the reference. She has died in January, 1536.
Первая жена Генриха VIII - Королева Екатерина Арагонская. Она была замужем за Артуром, старшим братом Генриха VIII. Когда брат умер, Генрих VIII женился на Екатерине Арагонской сразу после введения на троне в 1509. Первые годы брака были судя по всему счастливы, но все дети молодых супругов были рождены мертвыми, или умерли во младенчестве. Единственным выжившим ребенком была Мария (1516-1558), которая впоследствии стала Королевой Марией I, также известной как " Кровавая Мери ", за огромное количество казненных протестантов во время ее правления.
Около 1525 г. супружеские отношения фактически прекратились, а Генрих, желал иметь сыновей. Генрих обратился к Папе за разрешением на разводю Формальным поводом для бракоразводного процесса стало предыдущее замужество Екатерины с братом Генриха. Растянувшийся на годы процесс, осложненный вмешательством императора Карла V (племянника Екатерины) и позицией папы Климента VII, не имел никаких результатов. В итоге, по требованию Генриха парламент в 1532 г. принял решение, запрещавшее какие-либо апелляции в Рим. В январе 1533 г. новый архиепископ Кентерберийский Томас Кранмер объявил об аннулировании брака Генриха и Екатерины. После этого Екатерину в официальных документах называли вдовствующей принцессой Уэльской, то есть вдовой Артура. Отказавшись признать расторжение своего брака, Екатерина обрекла себя на ссылку. Умерла в январе 1536 г.
Henry VIII"s second wife - Queen Anne Boleyn.
While married to Catharine, the King fell in love with Anne Boleyn. During long time she was Henry"s unapproachable beloved, refusing to become its mistress. Anne Boleyn became wife of Henry in January, 1533, in September, 1533 has given birth to daughter Elizabeth, who would later become Queen Elizabeth I, arguably the strongest and most successful monarch in the history of Britain. Soon Anna has lost love of the spouse, has been accused of adultery and beheaded in a Tower in May, 1536
Будучи женатым на Катерине Арагонской, Генрих влюбился в Анну Болейн. В течение долгого времени она была неприступной возлюбленной Генриха, отказываясь стать его любовницей. Она стала женой Генриха в январе 1533 г., а в сентябре 1533 г. родила ему дочь Елизавету, которая впоследствии стала Королевой Елизаветой I, возможно самым сильным и самым успешным монархом в истории Великобритании. Вскоре Анна потеряла любовь супруга, была обвинена в супружеской измене и обезглавлена в Тауэре в мае 1536 г.
Henry VIII"s third wife, Queen Jane Seymour succeeded in giving birth to an heir to the crown - Prince Edward, who later succeeded his father to the English throne as King Edward VI. Henry married her in a week after execution of the previous wife. Unfortunately, the Queen died a few days after childbirth from an infection.
Третья жена Генрих VIII, Королева Джейн Сеймур преуспела в том, что родила наследника короны - Принца Эдварда, который позже наследовал за своим отцом английский трон как Король Эдвард VI. Генрих женился на ней через неделю после казни предыдущей жены. К сожалению, королева умерла спустя несколько дней после рождения сына от инфекции.
Anne of Cleves was the sister of ruling duke of Cleves. Marriage with her was one of ways to fasten Henry"s union with Francisk I and the German Protestant princes. As an obligatory condition of the conclusion of marriage Henry has wished to see a portrait of the bride. Henry has liked a portrait, but the bride who has arrived to England (unlike its portrait) Henry categorically has not liked. Anne became Henry VIII"s fourth wife, but the King was not attracted to her, and the marriage quickly resulted in divorce. Anne stayed in England, however, and remained in good relations with the King and all three of his children, as well as with his future queens.
Анна Клевская - сестра правящего герцога Клевского. Брак с ней был одним из способов скрепить союз Генриха, Франциска I и германских протестантских князей. В качестве обязательного условия заключения брака Генрих пожелал увидеть портрет невесты. Портрет Генриху понравился. Но прибывшая в Англию невеста (в отличие от ее портрета) Генриху категорически не понравилась. Анна стала четвертой женой Генриха VIII, но король не был увлечен ей, и брак быстро пришел к разводу. Анна осталась в Англии, однако, она оставалась в хороших отношениях с королем и всеми тремя его детьми, так же как с его будущими королевами.
King Henry VIII"s fifth wife was Catherine Howard. An attractive young lady, she had been pushed into the marriage by her own ambition, as well as the pressure of her powerful family. Catherine Howard was the niece of powerful duke of Norfolk and a cousin of Anna Boleyn. Henry married her in July, 1540 on passionate love. It was soon found out, that before her marriage Catherine had had several lovers, among them being a musician, Henry Mannock, or Manox; her cousin, Thomas Culpepper; and Francis Dereham, to whom she had been betrothed.
Dereham and Culpepper were executed in December 1541 and their accomplices were punished. On the 13th of February 1542 the queen was beheaded too.
Пятой женой короля Генриха VIII была Екатерина Говард. Привлекательная молодая особа, она пошла на этот брак благодаря собственным амбициям, а так же под давлением ее могущественной семьи. Екатерина Говард была племянницей могущественного герцога Норфолка и кузиной Анны Болейн. Генрих женился на ней в июле 1540 на страстной любви. Но скоро выяснилось, что до браком Екатерина имела несколько любовников, среди них являющийся музыкантом, Генри Маннок, или Manox; ее кузен, Томас Калпеппер; и Фрэнсис Дерхам, к которому она была обручена.
Дерхем и Калпеппер были казнены в декабре 1541, а их сообщники были наказаны. 13-ого февраля 1542 королева была также казнена.
King Henry VIII"s sixth wife - King Henry VIII"s last wife - was Queen Katherine Parr. Queen Katherine Parr was the only one of Henry VIII"s wives to have survived him. A well-educated lady, and a excellent writer with a keen intelligence and solid moral fiber, Katherine Parr was the Queen to outlast the intrigues of court, the bad temper of the King, and the general rigors of court life. She was a sweet-tempered, kind person, and the children of King Henry VIII loved her. After Henry"s death she has married to Thomas Seymour, the brother of Jane Seymour.
Шестая жена короля Генриха VIII - его последняя жена- была Королева Екатерина Парр. Королева Екатерина Парр была единственной из жен Генриха VIII, которая пережила его. Образованная женщина, и превосходный автор с острыми интеллектом и твердыми моральными принципами, Екатерина Парр была королевой, которая пережила интриги двора, плохой характер Короля, и общую суровость жизни двора. Она была добрым человеком с мягким характером, и дети Короля Генриха VIII любили ее. После смерти Генриха она вышла замуж за Томаса Сеймура, брата Джейн Сеймур.
