Customs and Traditions in England, устная тема по английскому языку с переводом. Топик. Перевод топика: Британские традиции и обычаи

Customs and traditions

English customs and traditions, first of all, concerns United Kingdom political system. In Great Britain there is no written constitution, only customs, traditions and precedents. After the English Revolution of Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy headed by King (now Queen, Elizabeth the second). Traditionally the Queen acts only on the advice of her Ministers. She reigns but she does not rule.

Englishmen have traditions not only in political, but in social life. For example, London, the capital of England, is traditionally divided into three parts: the West End, the East end, and the City. The City is a historical, financial and business center of London. The East End is the district inhabited by the workers, and the West End is a fashionable shopping and entertaining center. English people like to spend their free time in numerous pubs where they can have a glass of beer and talk about different things with their friends.

The English are traditional about their meals. They eat eggs and bacon with toasts for breakfast, pudding or apple pie for dessert. Every English family has five o"clock tea. A typical feature of an English house is a fireplace, even when there is central heating in the house.

English people like domestic animals. Every family has a pet: a dog, a cat or a bird.

Politeness is a characteristic feature of Englishmen. They often say "Thank you", "Sorry", "Beg your pardon". Russian people, I think, have to learn this good custom.

Englishmen have many traditional holidays, such as Christmas, St.Valentine"s Day, Mother"s day, Easter and others.

Some English customs and traditions are famous all over the world. Bowler hats, tea and talking about the weather, for example. From Scotland to Cornwall, the United Kingdom is full of customs and traditions. Here are some of them.

St. Valentine’s

St. Valentine"s Day roots in several different legends that have found their way to us through the ages. One of the earliest popular symbols of the day is Cupid, the Roman god of Love, Who is represented by the image of a young boy with bow and arrow. Three hundred years after the death of Jesus Christ, the Roman emperors still demanded that everyone believe in the Roman gods. Valentine, a Christian priest, had been thrown in prison for his teachings. On February 14, Valentine was beheaded, not only because he was a Christian, but also because he had performed a miracle. He supposedly cured the jailer"s daughter of her blindness. The night before he was executed, he wrote the jailer"s daughter a farewell letter, signing it, "from Your Valentine". Another legend tells us that this same Valentine, well-loved by all, wrote notes from his jail cell to children and friends who missed him. Whatever the odd mixture of origins, St. Valentine"s Day is now a day for sweethearts. It is the day that you show your friend of loved one that you care. You can send candy to someone you think is special. Or you can send "valentines" a greeting card named after the notes that St. Valentine wrote from jail. Valentines can be sentimental, romantic, and heartfelt. They can be funny and friendly. If the sender is shy, valentines can be anonymous. Americans of all ages as other people in different countries love to send and receive valentines. Handmade valentines, created by cutting hearts out of coloured paper, show that a lot of thought was put into making them personal. Valentines can be heart-shaped, or have hearts, the symbol of love, on them. In elementary schools, children make valentines, they have a small party with refreshments. You can right a short rhyme inside the heart:

There are gold ships
And silver ships,
But no ships
Like friendship.

Valentine cards are usually decorated with symbols of love and friendship. These symbols were devised many centuries ago. Lace symbolises a net for catching one"s heart. If you get a Valentine with a piece of a lace you may understand that the person who sent it must be crazy about you. A symbol should have several meanings, so some experts maintain that lace stands for a bridal veil. A ribbon means that the person is tired up, while hearts, which are the most common romantic symbol, denote eternal love. Red roses are also often used as a love emblem. Valentine"s Day grows more and more popular in many countries of the world. Some people have already begun to celebrate it in Russia. They try to imitate European Valentine customs and want to known more about their origin. St. Valentine"s Day is the day when boys and girls. friends and neighbours, husbands and wives, sweethearts and lovers exchange greeting of love and affection. It is the day to share one"s loving feelings with friends and family, but it is young men and girls who usually wait it with impatience. This day has become traditional for many couples to become engaged. That makes young people acknowledge St. Valentine"s as the great friend and patron of lovers.

November, 5 is Guy Fawkes’s Day.

On the 5th of November in almost every town and village in England one can see fire burning, fireworks, cracking and lighting up the sky, small groups of children pulling round in a home made cart, a figure that looks something like a man but consists of an old suit of clothes, stuffed with straw. The children sing:" Remember, remember the 5th of November; Gun powder, treason and plot". And they ask passers-by for "a penny for the Guy" But the children with "the Guy" are not likely to know who or what day they are celebrating. They have done this more or less every 5th of November since 1605. At that time James the First was on the throne. He was hated with many people especially the Roman Catholics against whom many sever laws had been passed. A number of Catholics chief of whom was Robert Catesby determined to kill the King and his ministers by blowing up the house of Parliament with gunpowder. To help them in this they got Guy Fawker, a soldier of fortune, who would do the actual work. The day fixed for attempt was the 5th of November, the day on which the Parliament was to open. But one of the conspirators had several friends in the parliament and he didn"t want them to die. So he wrote a letter to Lord Monteagle begging him to make some excuse to be absent from parliament if he valued his life. Lord Monteagle took the letter hurrily to the King. Guards were sent at once to examine the cellars of the house of Parliament. And there they found Guy Fawker about to fire a trail of gunpowder. He was tortured and hanged, Catesby was killed, resisting arrest in his own house. In memory of that day bonfires are still lighted, fireworks shoot across the November sky and figures of Guy Fawker are burnt in the streets.

Christmas.

It is certain that Christmas is celebrated all over the world. Perhaps no other holiday has developed a set of customs and symbols. This is the day when many people are travelling home to be with their famillies on Christmas Day, 25th December. The Christmas story comes from bible. An angel appeared to shepherds and told them that a Savior had been born to Mary and Joseph in a stable in Bethlehem. Three Wise Men from the East followed a wondrous star which led them to the baby Jesus to whome they paid homage and presented gifts of gold, frankicense and myrrh. To people all over the world, Christmas is a season of giving and receiving presents. In Scandinavian and other European countries, Father Christmas, or Saint Nicholas, comes into house at night and leaves gifts for the children. Saint Nicholas is represented as a fidly man with a red cloak and long white beard. He visited house and left giftes, dringing people happiness in the coldest months of the year. Another character, the Norse God Odin, rode on a magical flying horse across the ages to make the present day Santa Claus.

For most British families, this is the most important festival of the year, it combines the Christian celebration or the birth of Christ with the traditional festivities of winter. On the Sunday before Christmas many churches hold a carol service where special hymns are sung.Sometimes carol-singers can be heard on the streets as they collect money for charity. Most families decorate their houses with brightly-coloured paper or holly, and they usually have a Christmas tree in the corner or the front foom, glittering with coloured lights and decorations. The Christmas tree was popularized by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who introduced one to the Royal Household in 1840. Since 1947, the country of Norway has presented Britain annually with a large Christmas tree which stands in Trafalgar Square in commemoration of Anglo-Norwegian cooperation during the Second World War.

There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of present. Familly members wrap up their gifts and leave them bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning. Children leave sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th of December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents, fruit and nuts. They are usually not disappointe! At some time on Christmas Day the familly will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding. Christmas dinner consists traditionally of a roast turkey, goose or chicken with stuffing and roast potatoes. Mince pies and Christmas pudding flaming with brandy, which might contain coins or lucky charms for children, follow this. (The pudding is usually prepared weeks beforehand and is customarily stirred by each member of the family as a wish is made.) Later in the day, a Christmas cake may be served - a rich baked fruitcake with marzipan, icing and sugar frosting.

The pulling of Christmas crackers often accompanies food on Christmas Day. Invented by a London baker in 1846, a cracker is a brightly colored paper tube, twisted at both ends, which contains a party hat, riddle and toy or other trinket. When it is pulled by two people it gives out a crack as its contents are dispersed.

26th December is also a public holiday, Boxing Day, which takes its name from a former custom of giving a Christmas Box - a gift of money or food inside a box - to the deliverymen and trades people who called regularly during the year. This tradition survives in the custom of tipping the milkman, postman, dustmen and other callers of good service at Christmas time. This is the time to visit friends and relatives or watch football.

At midnight on 31th December throughout Great Britain people celebrate the coming of the New Year, by holding hands in a large circle and singing the song:

Should auld acquaintance be forget,
And never brought to mind?
Should auld acquaintance be forget?
And auld lang syne?

For auld lang syne, my dear,
For auld lang syne,
We"ll take a cup of kindness yet,
For auld lang syne!..

New Year"s Eve is a more important festival in Scotland than it is in England, and it even has a special name. It is not clear where the word "Hogmanay" comes from, but it is connected with the provision of food and drink for all visitors to your home on 31th December. It was believed that the first person to visit one"s house on New Year"s Day could bring good or bad luck. Therefore, people tried to arrange for the person or their own choice to be standing outside their houses ready to be let in the moment midnight had come. Usually a dark-complexioned man was chosen, and never a woman, for she would bring bad luck. The first footer was required to carry three articles: a piece of coal to wish warmth, a piece of bread to wish food, and a silver coin to wish wealth.

Easter.

Easter is a Christian spring festival that is usually celebrated in March or April. The name for Easter comes from a pagan fertility celebration. The word "Easter" is named after Eastre, the Anglo-Saxon goddess og spring. Spring is a natural time for new life and hope when animals have their young and plants begin to grow. Christian Easter may have purposely been celebrated in the place of a pagan festival. It is therefore not surprising that relics of doing and beliefs not belonging th the Christian religious should cling even to this greatest day in the Church"s year. An old-fashioned custom still alive is to get up early and climb a hill to see the sun rising. There are numerous accounts of the wonderful spectacle of the sun whirling round and round for joy at our Saviour"s Resurrection. So many people go outdoors on Easter morning hoping to see the sun dance. There is also a custom of putting on something new to go to church on Easter morning. People celebrate the holiday according to their beliefs and their religious denominations. Christians commemorate Good Friday as the day that Christ died and Easter Sunday as the day that He was resurrected. Protestant settlers brought the custom of a sunrise service, a religious gathering at dawn, to the United States.

Today on Easter Sunday, children wake up to find that the Easter Bunny has left them baskets of candy. He has also hidden the eggs that they decorated earlier that week. Children hunt for the eggs all around the house. Neighborhoods and organizations hold Easter egg hunts, and the child who first the most eggs wins a prize.

Americans celebrate the Easter bunny coming. They set out easter baskets for their children to anticipate the easter bunnys arrival whi leaves candy and other stuff. The Easter Bunny is a rabbit-spirit. Long ago, he was called the "Easter Hare". Hares and rabbits have frequent multiple births, so they became a symbol of fertility.

Christians fast during the forty days before Easter. They choose to eat and drink only enough to feep themselves alive.

The day preceding Lent is known as Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Day. Shrove Tuesday recalls the day when people went to Church ti confess and be shriven before Lent. But now the day is more generally connected with relics of the traditional feasting before the fast. Shrove Tuesday is famous for pancake calebration. There is some competition at Westminster School: the pancakes are tossed over a bar by the cook and struggled for by a small group of selected boys. The boy who manages to get the largest piece is given a present. This tradition dates from 1445. In the morning the first church bell on Orley is rung for the competitors to make pancakes. The second ring is a signal for cooking them. The third bell set rung for the copetitors to gather at the market square. Then the Pancake bell is sounded and the ladies set off from the church porch, tossing their pancakes three times as they run. Each woman must wear an apron and a hat or scarf over her head. The winner is given a Prayer Book dy the Vicar.

Mothering Sunday is the fourth Sunday in Lent. It is customary to vasit one"s mother on that day. Mother ought to be given a present - tea, flowers or a simnel cake. It is possible to buy the cake, they are sold in every confectionery. But it is preferrable to make it at home. The way Mothering Sunday is celebrated has much in common with the International Women"s Day celebration in Russia.

Good Friday is the first Friday before Easter. It is the day when all sorts of taboos on various works are in force. Also it is a good day for shifting beers, for sowing potatoes, peas, beans, parsley, and pruning rose trees. Good Friday brings the once sacred cakes, the famous Hot Cross buns. These must be spiced and the dough marked with a cross before baking.

Eggs, chickens, rabbits and flowers are all symbols of new life. Chocolate and fruit cake covered with marzipan show that fasting is over. Wherever Easter is celebrated, there Easter eggs are usually to be found. In England, just as in Russia, Easter is a time for giving and receiving of presents that traditionally take the form of an Easter egg. Easter egg is a real hard-boiled egg dyed in bright colors or decorated with some elaborate pattern. Coloring and decorating eggs for Easter is a very ancient custom. Many people, however, avoid using artificial dyes and prefer to boil eggs with the outer skin of an onion, which makes the eggs shells yellow or brown. In fact, the color depends on the amount of onion skin added. In ancient times they used many different natural dyes fir the purpose. The dyes were obtained mainly from leaves, flowers and bark.

At present Easter eggs are also made of chocolate, sugar, metals, wood, ceramics and other materials at hand. They may differ in size, ranging from enormous to tiny, no bigger than a robin"s egg. Easter Sunday is solemnly celebrated in London. Each year the capital city of Britain greets the spring with a spectacular Easter Parade in Battersea Park. The great procession, or parade, begins at 3 p.m. The parade consists of many decorated floats, entered by various organizations in and outside London. Some of the finest bands in the country take part in the parade. At the rear of the parade is usually the very beautiful float richly decorated with flowers. It is called the Jersey one because the spring flowers bloom early on the Island of Jersey.

In England, children rolled eggs down hills on Easter morning, a game has been connected to the rolling away of the rock from Jesus Christ"s tomb then He was resurrected. British settlers brought this custom to the New World. It consists of rolling coloured, hardboiled egg down a slope until they are cracked and broken after whish they are eaten by their owners. In some districts this is a competitive game, the winner being the player whose egg remains longest undamaged, but more usually, the fun consists simply of the rolling and eating.

Harvest

Corn Dollies

Many countries seem to have had a similar custom to the British one of making a design from the last sheaf of corn to be harvested. In Britain a corn dolly is created by plaiting the wheat stalks to create a straw figure. The corn dolly is kept until the Spring. This is because people believed that the corn spirit lived in the wheat and as the wheat was harvested, the spirit fled to the wheat which remained. By creating the corn dolly the spirit is kept alive for the next year and the new crop. Sometimes the corn dolly is hung up in the barn, sometimes in the farmhouse, and sometimes in the church. In Spring the corn dolly would be ploughed back into the soil. There are many types of corn dolly.

The story of John Barleycorn

A story to the corn dolly is to be found in the folksong John Barleycorn. Three men swear that John Barleycorn must die. They take a plough and bury him alive. But the Spring comes and John rises through the soil. After a while he grows big and strong, even growing a beard, so the three men cut him down at the knee, tie him on to a cart, beat him, strip the flesh off his bones and grind him between two stones. But at the end it is John Barleycorn who defeats his opponents, proving the stronger man, by turning into beer.

Harvest Festivals

In churches all over Britain there are services to thank God for the Harvest. As part of these services local people bring baskets of fruit and vegetables to decorate the church. The produce is then distributed to the poor.

Halloween

The word itself, "Halloween," actually has its origins in the Catholic Church. It comes from a contracted corruption of All Hallows Eve. November 1, "All Hollows Day" (or "All Saints Day"), is a Catholic day of observance in honor of saints. But, in the 5th century BC, in Celtic Ireland, summer officially ended on October 31. The holiday was called Samhain (sow-en), the Celtic New year.

One story says that, on that day, the disembodied spirits of all those who had died throughout the preceding year would come back in search of living bodies to possess for the next year. It was believed to be their only hope for the afterlife. The Celts believed all laws of space and time were suspended during this time, allowing the spirit world to intermingle with the living.

Naturally, the still-living did not want to be possessed. So on the night of October 31, villagers would extinguish the fires in their homes, to make them cold and undesirable. They would then dress up in all manner of ghoulish costumes and noisily paraded around the neighborhood, being as destructive as possible in order to frighten away spirits looking for bodies to possess.

Probably a better explanation of why the Celts extinguished their fires was not to discourage spirit possession, but so that all the Celtic tribes could relight their fires from a common source, the Druidic fire that was kept burning in the Middle of Ireland, at Usinach.

Some accounts tell of how the Celts would burn someone at the stake who was thought to have already been possessed, as sort of a lesson to the spirits. Other accounts of Celtic history debunk these stories as myth. The Romans adopted the Celtic practices as their own. But in the first century AD, Samhain was assimilated into celebrations of some of the other Roman traditions that took place in October, such as their day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple, which might explain the origin of our modern tradition of bobbing for apples on Halloween. The thrust of the practices also changed over time to become more ritualized. As belief in spirit possession waned, the practice of dressing up like hobgoblins, ghosts, and witches took on a more ceremonial role.

The custom of Halloween was brought to America in the 1840"s by Irish immigrants fleeing their country"s potato famine. At that time, the favorite pranks in New England included tipping over outhouses and unhinging fence gates.

The custom of trick-or-treating is thought to have originated not with the Irish Celts, but with a ninth-century European custom called souling. On November 2, All Souls Day, early Christians would walk from village to village begging for "soul cakes," made out of square pieces of bread with currants. The more soul cakes the beggars would receive, the more prayers they would promise to say on behalf of the dead relatives of the donors. At the time, it was believed that the dead remained in limbo for a time after death, and that prayer, even by strangers, could expedite a soul"s passage to heaven.

The Jack-o-lantern custom probably comes from Irish folklore. As the tale is told, a man named Jack, who was notorious as a drunkard and trickster, tricked Satan into climbing a tree. Jack then carved an image of a cross in the tree"s trunk, trapping the devil up the tree. Jack made a deal with the devil that, if he would never tempt him again, he would promise to let him down the tree.

According to the folk tale, after Jack died, he was denied entrance to Heaven because of his evil ways, but he was also denied access to Hell because he had tricked the devil. Instead, the devil gave him a single ember to light his way through the frigid darkness. The ember was placed inside a hollowed-out turnip to keep it glowing longer.

The Irish used turnips as their "Jack"s lanterns" originally. But when the immigrants came to America, they found that pumpkins were far more plentiful than turnips. So the Jack-O-Lantern in America was a hollowed-out pumpkin, lit with an ember.

So, although some pagan groups, cults, and Satanists may have adopted Halloween as their favorite "holiday," the day itself did not grow out of evil practices. It grew out of the rituals of Celts celebrating a new year, and out of Medieval prayer rituals of Europeans. And today, even many churches have Halloween parties or pumpkin carving events for the kids. After all, the day itself is only as evil as one cares to make it.

Fire has always played an important part in Halloween. Fire was very important to the Celts as it was to all early people. In the old days people lit bonfires to ward away evil spirits and in some places they used to jump over the fire to bring good luck. Now we light candles in pumpkin lanterns.

Halloween is also a good time to find out the future. Want to find out who you will marry? Here are two ways you might try to find out:

Apple-bobbing - Float a number of apples in a bowl of water, and try to catch one using only your teeth. When you have caught one, peel it in one unbroken strip, and throw the strip of peel over your left shoulder. The letter the peel forms is the initial of your future husband or wife.

Nut-cracking - Place two nuts (such as conkers) on a fire. Give the nuts the names of two possible lovers and the one that cracks first will be the one.

There are several unusual traditions:

"Wrong side of the bed"

When people are bad tempered we say that they must have got out of bed on the wrong side. Originally, it was meant quiet literally. People believe that the way they rose in the morning affected their behavior throughout the day. The wrong side of the bed was the left side. The left always having been linked with evil.

"Blowing out the candles"

The custom of having candles on birthday cakes goes back to the ancient Greeks. Worshippers of Artemis, goddess of the moon and hunting, used to place honey cakes on the altars of her temples on her birthday. The cakes were round like the full moon and lit with tapers. This custom was next recorded in the middle ages when German peasants lit tapers on birthday cakes, the number lit indicating the person"s age, plus an extra one to represent the light of life. From earliest days burning tapers had been endowed with mystical significance and it was believed that when blown out they had the power to grant a secret wish and ensure a happy year ahead.

Every nation and every country has its own traditions and customs. In Britain traditions play a more important role in the life of people than in other countries. They say Britsh people are very conservative. They are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. But when we speak about British traditions we always remember that there are four parts in Britain – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Traditions are different in these parts of the country. You already know some of the English traditions and holidays. We hope you remember St. Valentine"s Day, St.Patrick"s Day, Halloween which have also become traditional American holidays. Here are some more facts about old English traditions. One of the old English legends says that London can be the capital of the country, rich and great until twelve black ravens live in the Tower of London. Each has got its name and the keepers carefully look after them. If one of the birds dies, another younger raven takes its place. Londoners believe this legend and always bring some food to give to the birds when they come to the Tower. The keepers cut the bird"s wings a bit as they are afraid that they may fly away. Another old English tradition is Guy Fawkes Day. Children go out into the streets on the 5th of November with figures like scarecrows. They stand in the streets and squares asking for the usual “Penny for the Guy”. Then with the money they have collected they buy fireworks and burn the guy (the figure like a scarecrow) on their bonfire. People watch fireworks and some people go to parties in the evening. People in Russia have their own special traditions. One of them is Maslenitsa – the holiday, which lasts for a week, to say “goodbye” to winter. People celebrate it at the end of February or at the beginning of March. During this holiday they celebrate the end of winter and the beginning of spring. In old times people usually cooked pancakes, had fires, burnt straw scarecrows of winter, they sang songs and danced. Now during “Maslenitsa week” people always cook pancakes. They invite their friends, their nearest to see each other and eat pancakes with sour cream, fish, caviar or butter, sugar, honey. Though different countries have different traditions and holidays people all over the world know some of them. They are – Easter, Ghristmas and New Year.

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Каждая нация и каждая страна имеет свои собственные традиции и обычаи. В Британии традиции играют более важную роль в жизни людей, чем в других странах. Они говорят, что Britsh люди весьма консервативны. Они гордятся их традициями и тщательно поддерживать их. Но когда мы говорим о британских традициях мы всегда помнить, что в Британии – Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии состоит из четырех частей. Традиции отличаются в этих частях страны. Вы уже знаете некоторые из английских традиций и праздников. Мы надеемся, что вы помните день Святого Валентина, день Патрика, Хеллоуин, которые также стали традиционные американские праздники. Вот несколько фактов о старых английских традиций. Один из старых английских легенд говорит, что Лондон может быть столицей страны, богатые и великих до двенадцати черные вороны живут в Лондонский Тауэр. Каждый получил свое название и хранители тщательно ухаживать за ними. Если одна из птиц погибает, другой моложе ворон занимает свое место. Лондонцы верят этой легенды и всегда приносят еду давать птицам, когда они приходят к башне. Хранители вырезать немного птичьи крылья, как они боятся, что они могут улететь. Другой старая английская традиция - Guy Fawkes день. Дети выходят на улицы 5-го ноября с фигурами как пугала. Они стоят на улицах и площадях, просят обычные «Пенни для парня». Затем с деньгами, которые они собрали они покупают фейерверки и сжечь парень (рисунок как пугало) на их костер. Люди смотреть фейерверк, и некоторые люди идут к сторонам в вечернее время. Люди в России имеют свои определенные традиции. Одним из них является Масленица – праздник, который длится неделю, сказать «до свидания» к зиме. Люди празднуют его в конце февраля или в начале марта. Во время этого праздника они празднуют конец зимы и начало весны. В старые времена, люди, как правило, приготовленные блины, были пожары, сожгли соломенные чучела зимы, они пели песни и танцевали. Теперь во время «Неделя Масленица» люди всегда готовьте блины. Они приглашают своих друзей, их ближайшие видеть друг друга и поесть блины со сметаной, рыба, икра или сливочное масло, сахар, мед. Хотя в разных странах существуют разные традиции и праздники люди во всем мире знают, некоторые из них. Они – Пасха, Ghristmas и новый год.

Результаты (русский ) 2:

Каждый народ и каждая страна имеет свои собственные традиции и обычаи. В Великобритании традиции играют более важную роль в жизни людей, чем в других странах. Они говорят, что люди Britsh очень консервативны. Они гордятся своими традициями и тщательно хранят их. Но когда мы говорим о британских традиций, мы всегда помнить, что есть четыре части в Великобритании - Англия, Шотландия, Уэльс и Северная Ирландия. Традиции отличаются в этих частях страны. Вы уже знаете, некоторые из традиций и праздников английском. Мы надеемся, что вы помните, День Святого Валентина, День Святого Патрика, в Хэллоуин, который также стал традиционные американские праздники. Вот еще некоторые факты о старых английских традициях. Один из старых английских легенд говорит, что в Лондоне может быть столицей страны, богатые и большой, пока двенадцать черных воронов живут в лондонском Тауэре. Каждый получил свое название и хранители тщательно ухаживать за ними. Если одна из птиц умирает, еще молодые ворон занимает свое место. Лондонцы считают, что это легенда и всегда приносят еду, чтобы дать птицам, когда они приходят к башне. Хранители сократить крылья птицы немного, как они боятся, что они могут улететь. Еще один старый английский традиции День Гая Фокса. Дети идут на улицу на 5 ноября с фигурами, как чучела. Они стоят на улицах и площадях просят обычной "Пенни для Гая". Затем с деньгами, которые они собрали они покупают фейерверки и сжечь парень (рисунок как пугало) на их костра. Люди смотрят фейерверк, и некоторые люди приходят на вечеринки, в вечернее время. Люди в России имеют свои собственные особые традиции. Одним из них является Масленица - праздник, который длится в течение недели, чтобы сказать до свидания "", чтобы зимой. Люди празднуют его в конце февраля или в начале марта. Во время этого праздника они празднуют конец зимы и начало весны. В старые времена люди обычно приготовленные блины, был пожар, сгорели соломенные чучела зимы, они пели песни и танцевали. Теперь во время "Масленицы неделя" люди всегда приготовить блины. Они приглашают своих друзей, своих родных, чтобы увидеть друг друга и едят блины со сметаной, рыбой, икрой или сливочного масла, сахара, меда. Хотя разные страны имеют разные традиции и праздники людей по всему миру знают, некоторые из них. Они - Пасха, Ghristmas и Новый Год.

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Результаты (русский ) 3:

Любой нации, и каждая страна имеет свои традиции и обычаи. В Великобритании традиции играть более важную роль в жизни людей, чем в других странах. Они сказать соответствует британскому стандарту народ весьма консервативной. Они гордятся своими традициями и тщательно хранить их. Но когда мы говорим о британских традиций мы всегда должны помнить о том, что существует четыре детали в Великобритании - Англии, Шотландии,Уэльса и Северной Ирландии. традиций, в этих частях страны. Вы уже знаете некоторые на английском языке традиций и праздников. Мы надеемся, что вы помните День Святого Валентина, День Святого Патрика, Хэллоуин которые стали также традиционных американских праздников. Здесь несколько фактов о старом английском традиции.Один из английских легенд гласит, что Лондон может быть в столице страны, богатые и большое до двенадцати черно-ярдс живут в лондонский Тауэр. Каждый из них имеет свое имя и сил по поддержанию мира тщательно ухаживать за ними. Если одна из птиц умирает, другого молодого Raven занимает свое место. Сноу считаем, что это легенда и всегда некоторых продуктов питания для птиц при башни.

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Topic: English customs and traditions

Тема: Традиции и обычаи англичан

Англичане – это нация, которая всегда считалась одной из самых консервативных во всем, что они делают и что их окружает. Именно поэтому они с уважением относятся к своим традициям и на протяжении многих лет сохраняют и продолжают их. Яркий пример такого консерватизма в традициях – это английская королева, с которой связано огромное количество английских традиций.

Все свои традиции англичане трепетно хранят на протяжении многих веков и считают своим долгом им следовать. Давайте рассмотрим их подробнее.

It is impossible to find the usual English traditions in any other countries. For example their liquid measures are pints (the half of the liter), quarts, and gallons. Also they do not use the international measure of distance like kilometers and kilograms instead of them they use traditional mile, ounce, pound, stones and etc. which are used only in Britain. Even the meal time or tea time has the certain tradition peculiarities like the worldwide known five o’clock tea. It is the time when friends, family or colleagues gather to take a cup at the certain time. Also that the traditional breakfast of Englishmen is oatmeal porridge.

Поговорим о повседневных английских традициях, которые не найдешь в любой другой стране. Пинта – это общепринятые пол литра жидкости, которые имеют такое название только в Англии. Англичане не употребляют в системе измерения общепринятые километры и килограммы, более традиционно для них использование таких мер измерений как миля, унция, фунт, стоун, ярд и другие, которые известны только англичанам. Даже прием пищи или чая в Англии имеет свой определенные традиционный окрас, ведь всему миру известна такая традиция как «пятичасовой чай», когда традиционно друзья, семья, коллеги собираются чтобы выпить чая с молоком в определенное время. А в отношении еды, то ни для кого не секрет, что овсянка – это традиционный завтрак англичан.

The very old tradition is The Marble Championship, when the British champion is crowned and gets the silver cup which is dedicated to the folk dance called Morris Dancing. This of bright dressed people with the different sizes of the kerchiefs in their

Мраморный чемпионат – это очень древняя английская традиция, во время которой коронуют чемпиона и дарят серебряный кубок, посвященный народному танцу Моррис Дансинг. Это традиционное событие, которое сопровождается веселыми национальными танцами в ярких костюмах и с платками различного размера в руках.

Что касается праздников, то Англичане также как и многие другие отмечают Новый год, Пасху и Рождество, соблюдая общепринятые традиции, а в остальном большая часть традиционных праздников чаще всего попадает на понедельник.

Новый год отмечают в кругу семьи и по традиции, когда центральные куранты оповещают о последних минутах уходящего года, глава семьи открывает нараспашку входную дверь своего дома, тем самым выпускает старый год и позволяет войти новому.

After Christmas on December 26th when everybody gives the gifts to each other. And then on December 27th Englishmen . Not all the British men follow the usual Christmas traditions for example in Scotland this holiday of the rest. and its holiday are days off in Scotland.

После Рождества 26 декабря отмечается День Рождественского подарка, когда принято дарить подарки друзьям и близким, а следом за ним 27 декабря проводится Рождественский день отдыха. Традиционным обычаям в Рождество следует не все Британцы, к примеру, в Шотландии этот праздник не считается общенациональным и не является выходным днем, а вот в Новогоднюю ночь и на протяжении всех новогодних каникул Шотландия празднует и не выходит на работу.

В конце весны яркие примеры английских традиций можно увидеть на выставке цветов, где лучшие садоводы Англии составляют лучший букет, а в завершении выставки проходит яркое представление с участием всех участников и горожан, которое сопровождается яркими массовыми гуляньями, конкурсами и костюмированными шествиями. Это событие называется Майским праздником, которое празднуется в первый понедельник мая. А в последний понедельник мая проводится другой традиционный Праздник Весны во время, которого улицы украшены гирляндами и цветами, и можно попробовать традиционный английский ростбиф, приготовленный в лучших английских традициях. В этот же месяц проводится фестиваль трубочистов Рочестера.

Every nation becomes special by means of its own traditions and customs. There is no other nation that clings to the past with the tenacity of the British. They are really proud of their traditions, they cherish them. When we think of Britain we often think of people drinking white tea, eating fish and chips, sitting by the fireplace or wearing bowler hats, but there is much more in Britain than just those things. Some British traditions are royal, such as the Changing of the Guard which takes place every day at Buckingham Palace. The Trooping of the Colour happens on the Queen’s official birthday. It’s a big colouful parade with hundreds of soldiers and brass bands.

British holidays (Christmas, Easter, Guy Fawkes Night, Remembrance Day) are especially rich in old traditions and customs. A traditional Christmas dinner consists of roast turkey and potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweet mince pies and Christmas pudding. On Christmas Eve children hang up their stockings around the fireplace for Father Christmas to fill with presents. At Easter chocolate eggs are given as presents symbolizing new life. Guy Fawkes Night is also known as Bonfire Night because English people burn stuffed figures on bonfires. On Remembrance Day red poppies are traditionally worn in memory of servicemen who lost their lives in wars. National Morris Dancing can be seen throughout the month of May in most of English villages. Groups of men and women wear coloured costumes, carry white handkerchiefs and perform their lively folkdance.

One of Englishmen’s traditions is their tender love for animals. Pets are members of English families and are protected by law. There are even special cemeteries for animals in Great Britain. Most English people love their gardens too. They enjoy gardening and decorating their houses with beautiful flowers and plants.

Sports play an essential part in the life of Britain and it is a popular leisure activity. Rugby, golf, cricket, polo and horse-racing are British national sports and they are played on village greens and in towns on Sundays.

Politeness and punctuality are typical features of all British people. They often say “Sorry”, “Please” and “Thank you” with a smiling face and they always try to arrive on time.

The British are also traditional about their breakfast. They usually eat bacon and eggs, a toast with orange jam, a bowl of cereals or porridge in the morning.

There are over 60 thousand pubs in the United Kingdom. Pubs are an important part of British life too. People talk, eat, drink, meet their friends and relax there.

Перевод

Каждая нация становится особенной благодаря ее собственным традициям и обычаям. Нет другой такой нации, которая остается верной своему прошлому с упорством британцев. Они очень горды своими традициями и бережно их хранят. Когда мы думаем о Британии, мы часто представляем людей, пьющих чай с молоком, принимающих в пищу фиш-энд-чипс, сидящих у камина или со шляпой-котелком на голове, однако Британия – это нечто гораздо большее. Некоторые британские традиции являются королевскими, такие как Смена караула, которая происходит каждый день у Бакингемского дворца. Церемония выноса знамени проходит в официальный день рождения Королевы. Это большой красочный парад с сотнями солдат и духовыми оркестрами.

Британские праздники (Рождество, Пасха, Ночь Гай Фокса, День памяти) особенно богаты старинными традициями и обычаями. Традиционный рождественский ужин состоит из жареной индейки с картофелем, клюквенного соуса, сладких пирожков и рождественского пудинга. В канун Рождества дети подвешивают чулки возле камина для того, чтобы Санта наполнил их подарками. В Пасху в качестве подарков раздаются шоколадные яйца, как символ новой жизни. Ночь Гай Фокса известна также как Ночь Костров, так как англичане поджигают чучела на кострах. В День памяти традиционно носят красные маки для того, чтобы почтить память погибшим в войнах военным. Национальные Моррис танцы можно увидеть на протяжении всего мая в большинстве английских деревушек. Группы мужчин и женщин надевают красочные костюмы, держат в руках белые платки и выступают с зажигательными народными танцами.

Одной из традиций у англичан считается их нежная любовь к животным. Животные являются членами английских семей и находятся под защитой закона. Существуют даже специальные кладбища для животных в Великобритании. Большинство англичан также любят свои сады. Им нравится заниматься садоводством и украшать свои дома красивыми цветами и растениями.

Спорт играет существенную роль в жизни Британии и является популярным времяпрепровождением. Рэгби, гольф, крикет, поло и конные скачки – это национальные виды спорта, и в них играют на зеленых сельских лужайках и в городах по воскресеньям.

Great Britain Some English customs and traditions are famous all over the world. Tea and talking about the weather, for example. England is a land rich with traditions ranging from wassailing to special holiday events and superstitions. In Great Britain there is no written constitution, only customs, traditions and precedents. Traditionally the Queen reigns bul does not rule.

Результаты (русский ) 1:

Великобритании некоторые Английский обычаи и традиции являются известные во всем мире. Чай и говорили о погоде, например. Англия-земля богата традициями, начиная от Святочное специальных праздничных мероприятий и суеверий. В Великобритании существует нет писаной конституции, только обычаи, традиции и прецеденты. Традиционно bul царит королева не правило.

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Результаты (русский ) 2:

Великобритания Некоторые английские обычаи и традиции являются известные во всем мире. Чай и говорить о погоде, например. Англия является страной богатой традициями, начиная от святочное хождение из дома в дом с пением рождественских гимнов в специальных праздничных мероприятий и суеверий. В Великобритании нет писаной конституции, только обычаи, традиции и прецеденты. Традиционно королева царствует бул не правило.